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Moray: Inca Engineering Mystery
Get Free Ebook Moray: Inca Engineering Mystery
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About the Author
Kenneth R. Wright, P.E., L.S., is founder and chief engineer of Wright Water Engineers, Inc., a Denver consulting firm specializing in water resources and municipal utility design. He is author of Machu Picchu: A Civil Engineering Marvel (ASCE Press, 2000) and Tipon: Water Engineering Masterpiece of the Inca Empire (ASCE Press, 2006). Ruth M. Wright, J.D., is co-author of the best selling The Machu Picchu Guidebook published in 2001 and revised in 2004. She is an award-winning photographer with photos appearing in numerous publications, including National Geographic Magazine. Her photo-essay Machu Picchu Revealed was published in 2008. Alfredo Valencia Zegarra, Ph.D., was a professor at the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology at Cusco and a registered professional archaeologist with the Instituto Nacional de Cultura de Peru. He spent several years as the Machu Picchu resident archaeologist and was co-author of The Machu Picchu Guidebook and Machu Picchu: A Civil Engineering Marvel. Gordon McEwan, Ph.D., is a professor at Wagner College on Staten Island in New York. As an Andean scholar, he has led archaeological research projects in Peru over the course of 23 field seasons at Pikillacta and Chokepukio.
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Product details
Paperback: 228 pages
Publisher: ASCE (March 14, 2011)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0784410798
ISBN-13: 978-0784410790
Product Dimensions:
8.2 x 0.8 x 10.8 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.6 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.8 out of 5 stars
14 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#756,124 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
Moray is an unfinished operational complex that the Inca massively renovated, although pre-Inca people originally used it as a site of worship. The complex is an architected landscape whose most obvious feature is a cluster of four picturesque, concentrically terraced sinkholes, located about thirty kilometers from Cuzco near the village of Misminay, the subject of a famous modern ethnography (At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology (Latin American Monographs: No. 55)).While they stabilized the steep slopes on the one hand, the terraces, aqueduct foundations, and drainage conduits would control the flow of precious water from nearby springs down to the lowest level of the sinkholes. This act of sacrifice and worship would give the subterranean goddess of the earth, PachaMama, a large drink of water under the control of Inca officiants. As a temple or portal to the gods, a terraced sinkhole much resembles an inverse negative image of a layered pyramid, the vertex and steps like layers of the one directed downwards to the lowest point, those of the other directed upwards to the highest (p.69).Along the way, the authors demolish an alternative theory that Moray was an agricultural research facility intended to acclimatize crop plants to different altitudes. Abundant surface drawings, elevations, grey scale photos, and sketch maps help to depict the temple in three dimensions. This work extends the subject area to include the irrigation system, ceremonial rocks, stone table altars, a carved sketch map, a natural or "raw" sinkhole, and an ancient industrial salt pan complex several kilometers distant. Minuses include needless repetitions, diffuse presentations, and dangling arguments.(Gripes: lax footnoting; no glossary; lacks basic grounding in hydrology for the lay reader -- see Wikipedia).
This book is a very welcome addition to the literature on the ancient Americas and to studies of the history of pre-modern engineering. Civil engineer Ken Wright and his colleagues provide a readable and professional description of the Inca archaeological site of Moray, one of the most spectacular and unusual sites in the Inca heartland near Cuzco, Peru. Moray is formed by arrays of large terraces lining the sides of sinkholes in the hills overlooking the Vilcanota drainage - the Incas' Sacred Valley. Over the years since it was first recorded from the air in the Shippee-Johnson expedition of 1931, the site's purpose has puzzled archaeologists. The two predominant theories are that it was an experimental agricultural station and a ritual complex. Wright et al. settle on the second explanation, which makes sense to this reader. The book contains thirteen chapters, eleven of which were written by Wright and the late archaeologist Alfredo Valencia Z. The first covers the site's discovery; the next two Inca engineering and technology; the next three hydrology, hydrological engineering, and construction engineering; the next two agriculture and the theory of agricultural experimentation; and then carved rocks, nearby Inca sites, and conclusions. Those chapters are followed by an overview of the Inca empire by archaeologist Gordon McEwan and a walking tour of Moray by author and photographer Ruth Wright. The entire text combines clear descriptions with illustrations, photos, and some technical information. This is the third volume by Wright and his colleagues on the hydraulic engineering of Inca sites in the heartland. It was preceded by fine works on Machu Picchu and Tipon, two royal estates. Moray itself was almost surely also a royal holding, to judge from its placement and architecture. Overall, the book is designed to be useful both the interested lay reader and the professional archaeologist, and it works for both. I recommend this and its two predecessors, not just because of the quality of presentation, but because there is no equally professional discussion of the topic of Inca hydraulic and civil engineering to be found by any other authors.
Once again, Ken and Ruth Wright and their associates have done us all a favor. They've taken on one of the most interesting and long-standing enigmas of Inca architecture and site planning, avoiding the entertaining but fanciful interpretations of the past in favor of solid and detailed scientific investigation. Moray has for many years been described as an Inca agricultural research site, on the assumption that the concentric rings of its descending terraces created differing micro-climates of precisely the kind needed to grow a wide variety of crops in a confined space. All the more amazing was the fact that they were able to accomplish this at an altitude of over 3500 meters, where few crops really wanted to grow at all. Those wonderful Incas! So clever, yet practical and productive. Moray seemed a perfect example of their genius. Like everyone else, I passed along the research station explanation for years to anyone who would listen.Well,it turns out we've all been wrong all along. It's not that the Incas weren't smart, or that Moray isn't an outstanding example of their engineering and architectural prowess. The Wrights have demonstrated the superior skills embodied in Moray's design and construction in great detail. But they also show conclusively that the research station interpretation that we've all loved so much doesn't "hold water." (pun intended - Ken Wright is a noted hydrologist). The differing micro-climates just don't exist, a least not in ways useful for agricultural research. So what was Moray? You'll be surprised. Read the book and find out.
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